McCance & Huether's Pathophysiology Test 1 Practice Test

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• Having two different alleles of a gene is described as which genotype?
• Which term describes the spread of cancer to distant sites?
• Which sensory receptors provide the hypothalamus with information about skin and core temperature?
• Which component of TNM staging indicates the presence of distant metastasis?
• Chemical reaction in which electrons are gained.
• What is the best way to reduce risk for breast, colon, and endometrial cancer?
• The efferent pathways outside the pyramids of the medulla oblongata constitute which system?
• Fluid present in the extracellular spaces of a tissue.
• Which symptom is a late sign of hypoglycemia?
• Which stage describes cancer that has spread to distant sites such as bone, liver, lungs, or brain?
• Which disorder is characterized by rapid time-zone changes causing an alteration in sleep schedule?
• The receptive portion of a neuron that receives a stimulus and continues conduction is the:
• Which term describes severe, intermittent tonic contractions and muscular pain due to abnormal calcium metabolism?
• Which term denotes a break or crack in bone or cartilage?
• Which term is defined as the process by which a cell develops specialized organization and function?
• Hypopituitarism is best defined as which of the following?
• Non-coding RNA sequences removed during processing in eukaryotes are called what?
• Which virus is associated with Burkitt lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
• Which statement describes genotype?
• In diabetes insipidus, which lab abnormality is commonly observed?
• Embolic stroke is defined as
• The cone-shaped end of the spinal cord is called the
• Which substance serves as a tumor marker associated with adrenal gland tumors?
• During metastasis, cancer cells may invade which structures?
• Bacteria most commonly responsible for stomach cancer?
• Which brain structure located in the pons is essential for REM sleep generation?
• Which neuron type has one process that branches shortly after leaving the cell body?
• Which term refers to the air moved in and out during normal breathing?
• Which structure is involved with voluntary and involuntary auditory motor movements, such as turning the head to improve hearing?
• The transfer of heat through matter by transmission of kinetic energy from particle to particle with no net displacement describes which process?
• Which two vaccines are cancer preventive vaccines?
• What are the deeper grooves of the cerebrum called?
• Which substance treats acidosis in malignant hyperthermia management?
• The cytoplasm of a parent cell is divided into two identical cells after mitosis.
• Parasympathetic stimulation on the lungs causes which effect on the airways?
• Which vascular lesion is described as a slowly progressing aneurysm that affects only a portion of the circumference of the arterial wall and may be the result of congenital anomalies or degeneration?
• M0 category corresponds to which statement?
• Which virus is associated with cervical and anogenital cancers?
• Hypoxia injury is characterized by what condition in tissues?
• What term describes agents such as arginine vasopressin and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone that act to reduce fever via negative feedback?
• Which component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system directly promotes sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron?
• Lactic acidosis is indicated by a decrease in pH due to which process?
• Which cell type is characterized by diminished cytotoxic response, blockade of cytotoxic T-cell and NK cell functions, and secretion of cellular growth factors?
• Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle?
• Which glial cell wraps around and covers axons in the PNS and forms and maintains the myelin sheath?
• KSHV/HHV8 is a herpesvirus associated with which cancer?
• Which process describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration?
• Fragile sites are chromosomal areas that show breaks under folate-deficient culture conditions. Which option lists the correct condition?
• Deficiency of ACTH leads to decreased production of which adrenal hormones?
• T3 and T4 are stored in the thyroid gland primarily as which substance?
• Which structure fuses with the plasma membrane to release its contents from the cell?
• Acute radiation injury most severely affects organs containing which type of cells?
• Which brain region is involved in promoting sleep via inhibitory GABAergic modulation of arousal systems?
• Alveolar macrophages have which primary function?
• Understanding dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases. Which diseases are most associated with this dysregulation?
• Which term describes a brain injury characterized by widespread axonal damage due to stretching and tearing forces?
• Which route of metastasis involves direct invasion through lymphatics and veins?
• Which group of neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus influences wakefulness and reward pathways?
• Which chromosomal non-disjunction event occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during cell division?
• In SIADH, what is a key management step?
• What membrane potential must be reached for an action potential to be generated and propagate?
• Which structure is NOT a component of the corpus striatum?
• Which condition arises from insulin deficiency leading to the buildup of fat metabolism byproducts?
• Sarcoma metastasis to which organ is most common?
• Which term refers to degeneration of the nervous system?
• Which condition involves degeneration of the spinal cord?
• Which cellular surface projections increase the absorptive surface area of epithelial cells?
• Which hormones released by the heart oppose RAAS and promote urinary excretion of Na+ and water?
• What term refers to disorders of getting to sleep, staying asleep, or excessive sleepiness?
• Proteins that bind to hormones, neurotransmitters, and antigens are known as what?
• Neurons that relay impulses toward the synapse are called?
• Which chromosomal translocation is classically associated with Burkitt lymphoma?
• Which chemotherapy is given after surgical excision to eliminate micrometastasis after surgery?
• Bleeding into the skin or underlying tissues from a blow that squeezes or crushes soft tissues is called what?
• Which neural group is primarily responsible for inspiration?
• Head and neck cancers metastasize primarily via which route?
• Which laboratory finding is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus when elevated?
• How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
• Central hypoventilation syndrome can be caused by congenital defects or brainstem lesions in which regions?
• Prolactin release from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by which hypothalamic factor?
• Goiter is best defined as?
• Abnormal changes in the size, shape and organization of mature cells are termed what?
• Which tumor marker is associated with pituitary adenoma?
• Which term refers to the jelly-like substance inside the cell, excluding the nucleus?
• Which statement about loss of heterozygosity is true?
• Which condition is a neuromuscular disorder caused by autoimmune antibodies to acetylcholine receptors impairing neuromuscular transmission?
• Which statement can contribute to gene silencing?
• Which lobe contains the major area for somatic sensory input?
• What is a common cause of chronic kidney disease?
• HbA1c threshold used to diagnose diabetes mellitus?
• Breathing is controlled by
• Codominance is demonstrated when
• Prolactin-secreting tumors in the anterior pituitary are commonly called prolactinomas and typically cause which symptom in women?
• Groups of cell bodies in the PNS are called:
• The spinal cord terminates at which vertebral levels?
• Normal separation of chromosomes during cell division is called what?
• Which chemical process involves electrons being gained?
• Which structure maintains a constant internal environment and influences behavior through the endocrine system and neural pathways?
• Calcium and phosphorus have what kind of relationship?
• Which of the following is a mechanism commonly associated with obstructive sleep apnea?
• Which statement best describes the three key genetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis?
• What measurement is used to distinguish different causes of metabolic acidosis?
• Which nerves project from the brain and pass through foramina in the skull?
• In 2009, Americans were exposed to more than how many times as much ionizing radiation from medical procedures than in the 1980s?
• Which of the following is a common symptom of heat cramps?
• Which term denotes the compound formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin?
• In metabolic acidosis, what are typical values for pH and bicarbonate?
• Which organelle consists of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that modify and package proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to membranes?
• Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane?
• Which statement best describes a major action of glucocorticoids?
• Forced Vital Capacity is defined as
• Besides cancer cells, which cells have telomerase?
• A carrier is a person who is
• Substances like hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, and antibodies found in cancer cells and in blood, spinal fluid, or urine are called what?
• Which neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus promote wakefulness and reward?
• Dont use aspirin in children because it can cause which condition?
• Hypernatremia can be caused by which scenario?
• In mitosis, which phase features the chromosomes de-condensing and the nuclear membrane reforming?
• What happens to intracellular potassium during cell lysis?
• Atmospheric pressure is defined as:
• Panhypopituitarism results from necrosis or another problem in the anterior pituitary and causes deficiency of which hormones?
• Long, conductive projections from the cell body that carry nerve impulses away from the cell body are:
• What is the compensatory response to metabolic acidosis?
• Which medication is used to treat cardiac dysrhythmias?
• Which transport mechanism uses carrier proteins to move solutes down their concentration gradient without using cellular energy?
• Which cellular junction holds cells together with continuous bands or belts?
• Which statement best describes tumor suppressor genes?
• In SIADH, what is the best initial treatment?
• Which term refers to a protein associated with the plasma membrane that is not embedded in the lipid bilayer?
• Which hormone is released by the pituitary gland in response to thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone?
• In the intravascular fluid compartment, what percentage of total body water is present?
• In nodal staging, which N category indicates fixed nodes are involved?
• A sudden loss of muscle control with retention of clear consciousness that follows a strong emotional stimulus and is a characteristic symptom of narcolepsy.
• Which hematologic complication is a direct result of chemotherapy toxicity to bone marrow?
• Which tumor marker is associated with multiple myeloma?
• Which insomnia is described as more common in women and may last only a few days due to acute stress or disrupted sleep?
• Which enzyme class catalyzes hydrolysis of bonds in biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids?
• SIADH typically leads to which electrolyte disturbance?
• Appears to consist of several layers but is actually a single layer describes which tissue?
• Which vascular abnormality is also known as berry aneurysm?
• Which gas is commonly recognized as a major component of smog?
• Which term best describes a molecule that has a carbohydrate group attached to a lipid and is a component of the plasma membrane?
• Which protein serves as the primary structural component of connective tissue, produced by fibroblasts?
• Which term describes malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue?
• Which cancer-associated condition is characterized by loss of appetite, early satiety, weakness, and weight loss leading to protein-calorie malnutrition and progressive wasting?
• The observable, detectable, or outward appearance of the genetics of an organism is called what?
• What term describes traits influenced by both genetic and environmental or lifestyle factors?
• Cells absorb oxygen and use it to transform nutrients into energy in the form of ATP. This is called?
• Name the nervous system division that coordinates involuntary activities and includes sympathetic and parasympathetic branches.
• What is a common site for breast cancer metastasis?
• Which sleep disorder is defined as the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep?
• Urate accumulation leads to which condition?
• The spinal cord terminates at which vertebral levels?
• Which structure is involved with voluntary and involuntary visual motor movements, such as tracking moving objects?
• The pulmonary circulation has which primary role?
• Which neuronal group is responsible for inspiration and expiration?
• The state of having two identical alleles for a gene is called which term?
• What epigenetic modification loosens chromatin by acetylating histones?
• Which combination characterizes metabolic alkalosis?
• Carcinoma in situ is best described as arising from which cell types?
• Removal of superficial layers of skin
• In TNM staging, a tumor measuring 2 to 5 cm is designated as which T category?
• Which term describes a molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?
• Forced Expiratory Volume is defined as
• Which cellular process provides energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules?
• Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHNK) is most accurately characterized by which finding?
• Which therapy delivers a steady flow of air to the nose to prevent airway collapse during sleep?
• Expiratory reserve volume is defined as:
• Total Lung Capacity is described as
• Which event directly initiates depolarization during an action potential?
• Which area is responsible for reception and interpretation of speech, with damage resulting in receptive aphasia?
• What term describes cancer cells’ tendency to consume glucose via aerobic glycolysis to build cellular components?
• Which combination of symptoms is commonly associated with pheochromocytoma?
• Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
• Parathyroid hormone is a protein hormone that regulates calcium and phosphate by promoting intestinal absorption, mobilizing calcium from bones, and increasing renal calcium reabsorption.
• Expiratory reserve volume is typically about:
• The rate at which new cases of a disease occur in a population during a specific time period is called what?
• What term describes a subnormal body temperature below 35°C (95°F)?
• The sequence of events that occur when an axon is severed is called?
• Which term describes fluid movement across capillary walls due to hydrostatic pressure differences across the filtration barrier?
• Which process converts ADP to ATP by reoxidation and phosphorylation of ADP?
• Which of the following best describes a prolactin-secreting tumor’s typical effect in women?
• Which mineralocorticoid regulates sodium and potassium balance by altering renal reabsorption?
• Perfusion refers to
• A chemical agent that causes permanent effects on neurobehavior and intellectual performance.
• In TNM staging, which category indicates demonstrable metastases?
• Which epithelial subtype is typically tall and narrow, making it well suited to absorption and secretion?
• What center has a pacemaker-like action in respiration?
• Spondylolisthesis is defined as
• What term refers to the complete set of genes present in a species?
• Normal PaCO2 range
• The dawn phenomenon is characterized by which pattern of glucose?
• Which term indicates that only one member of each chromosome pair is present in gamete cells?
• Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in what?
• Which term refers to an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from excessive cell proliferation?
• Which hormone is synthesized by the anterior pituitary?
• If extracellular fluid decreases, what happens to the effective arterial blood volume?
• A tear or rip resulting when the tensile strength of the skin or tissue is exceeded. Edges are jagged and irregular.
• Cushing Syndrome is defined as which of the following?
• Which force drives water from capillary blood into the interstitial space at the arterial end?
• Which medication or substance can lead to hypermagnesemia?
• Which HPV types are most commonly linked to cancers?
• Which nervous system is composed of cranial nerves and spinal nerves?
• In lactation, prolactin stimulates milk production; which hormone primarily promotes milk ejection or let-down?
• Which cytoskeletal element forms the mitotic spindle and provides tracks for vesicle movement?
• Which hormone released by the thyroid gland is stimulated by TSH and regulates metabolism?
• Whole regions of chromosomes are shut off in some cells while the same regions in other cells remain active; this process is called what?
• Which term describes membrane proteins that move substances against their concentration gradient by using energy?
• Which receptors are stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that respond to changes in blood pressure and volume?
• The transport of glucose from the blood into the cell is accomplished by which process?
• Fragile sites are areas on chromosomes that develop distinct breaks when cells are cultured in which medium?
• A ________ is normally stored on one side of a synaptic cleft, and its receptors are on the other side.
• Blockade of dopamine receptors in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis leads to what effect on prolactin secretion?
• Cells secrete local chemical mediators that act on nearby cells. What is this mode of signaling called?
• What is the CNS counterpart of the Schwann cell?
• Which statement correctly describes endocytosis?
• In cancer metabolism, which effect describes the preference for glycolysis even with oxygen present?
• Fluid volume excess is best described as which condition?
• Which statement best describes a common cause of respiratory alkalosis?
• Which headache disorder typically presents as unilateral pulsating pain with photophobia and nausea?
• Which brain regions control voluntary regulation of breathing?
• What term refers to grooves between adjacent gyri?
• Fatty infiltration of the liver is best described as ...
• Which structure carries CSF between the third and fourth ventricles?
• Which of the following can cause Cushing syndrome?
• Which term corresponds to the primary protein that provides tensile strength in connective tissue?
• Which circuit is classically defined by connections among the hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, thalamus, and cingulate gyrus?
• Which tumor marker is most closely associated with liver and germ cell tumors?
• What term describes an increased tendency of an organism's DNA to acquire mutations?
• Which structure is the spindle attachment site that holds the two chromatids together?
• Which T category corresponds to invasion of the skin and/or chest wall?
• Subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between which structures?
• Chronic ethanol exposure can cause which of the following?
• Familial melanoma is caused by loss of which gene?
• In adults, hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to which major characteristic?
• During depolarization, the membrane potential moves from negative to positive due to opening of which gates?
• Which life-threatening condition features cessation of sweating and extremely high body temperature after prolonged heat exposure?
• Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
• What term describes the number of partial airway closure episodes per night (episodes/hour)?
• Two identical alleles of a gene correspond to which genotype?
• Fluid volume deficit is best described as which condition?
• Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in which cellular organelle?
• Which statement best describes the primary metabolic disturbance in diabetic ketoacidosis?
• What family comprises the water channel proteins that facilitate water movement across cell membranes?
• Which pancreatic hormone is decreased in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
• Which statement best describes a caretaker gene?
• A muscle cell possesses which specialized function?
• Mild hyponatremia corresponds to which serum sodium range and often presents with which symptoms?
• Loss of a sequence of DNA from a chromosome is called what?
• Point mutations in Ras are commonly associated with which cancers?
• Which ion's diffusion is primarily responsible for the resting membrane potential due to membrane permeability?
• Which of the following is considered a form of hyperthyroidism?
• Which term describes the brainstem network that regulates wakefulness and vital reflexes?
• What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
• Multipolar neurons are typically associated with which function?
• Which term describes the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord?
• Stronger-than-normal stimuli can produce an additional action potential while the cell is repolarizing. This is called which refractory period?
• Which statement is true about Type I DM?
• Hyperphosphatemia can result from long-term use of phosphate-containing enemas or laxatives, and hypoparathyroidism. Which option lists this condition?
• What is the most important cause of cancer?
• Which neurological disorder is an acute demyelinating autoimmune process of the peripheral nervous system typically precipitated by an infection, causing progressive weakness and paresthesias?
• What is the principal storage form of calcium and phosphorus in bone that provides compressional strength?
• Type 2 alveolar cells are responsible for which function?
• Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes that are synthesized in the nucleolus. Where are ribosomes synthesized?
• Prostate cancer metastases commonly involve bones and which other organ?
• Which statement best describes the neuropathology and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
• Central hypoventilation syndrome is characterized by which scenario?
• Destruction of unsaturated fatty acids.
• The RF-EMR frequency range is...
• Which lab finding is typical of SIADH?
• Hypervolemic hypernatremia is most often the result of which situation?
• Basal cell carcinoma typically occurs in which region of the body?
• In cancer staging, what does the TNM acronym represent?
• The movement of a solute from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration that does not require energy is called what?
• Which structure is a thick white-matter region through which afferent and efferent pathways to and from the cerebral cortex pass through the center of the cerebral hemispheres?
• In ALS, which neurological functions are typically preserved until death?
• Which electrolyte abnormality is most associated with malnutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism, renal tubular dysfunction, metabolic acidosis, diabetes mellitus, and loop and thiazide diuretics?
• Which term describes sleep disorders involving problems with initiating or maintaining sleep or excessive sleepiness?
• Which uptake mechanism occurs through caveolar structures and selectively imports molecules?
• What is the typical life expectancy after onset of symptoms in ALS?
• Which describes the twenty-two chromosome pairs that are homologous in both sexes?
• Venous angioma(s) are
• Cancer that has spread to regional structures, including lymph nodes, is classified as which stage?
• Which term describes cancer cells that are less differentiated and lack normal tissue organization?
• Which category of hyponatremia corresponds to osmolality being hypertonic due to non-sodium solutes?
• Which structure is primarily responsible for regulating circadian rhythms and receives light information from the retina?
• Autonomic hyperreflexia occurs in spinal cord injury above the major outflow. What is the primary vascular response accompanying this condition?
• Long-term alcohol use is a contributing factor to which electrolyte abnormality characterized by low phosphate?
• Which term distinguishes metastases by distance from the primary tumor?
• Which insomnia is caused by drug or alcohol abuse, chronic pain disorders, chronic depression, obesity, aging?
• Which of the following is a cause of metabolic alkalosis?
• Which population is most likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma?
• Which HPV type is associated with anal cancer according to the material?
• Which physiologic force pushes fluid from the intravascular space into the interstitial space, contributing to edema when venous obstruction or Na+ and water retention occur?
• Which description best summarizes hypothyroidism?
• Contrecoup injury refers to brain injury on which side relative to blunt trauma?
• Which organelles are involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division?
• KSHV/HHV8 is associated with which cancer?
• Which natriuretic peptide hormone is synthesized and released from the kidney and helps regulate water and sodium balance?
• Which hormone increases calcium absorption by the intestine, mobilizes calcium from bone, and increases renal calcium reabsorption?
• Which type of stroke is caused by occlusion of a small penetrating artery and is commonly associated with smoking, diabetes, and hypertension?
• Removal of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients is known as what?
• Individuals with at least two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome have which condition?
• Which condition is an aneurysm caused by bacterial or fungal growth in the vessel wall?
• Pathways that carry sensory impulses toward the CNS are called which?
• Which drug inhibits calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle?
• Decreased phosphate from intestinal malabsorption, increased renal excretion, vitamin D deficiency, long-term alcohol use, respiratory alkalosis and hyperparathyroidism.
• Which membrane protein facilitates the attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix and signal transduction from the extracellular matrix to the cell?
• Mutation of tumor suppressor genes leads to what consequence?
• During telophase, which event occurs?
• What term describes B-cell lymphoproliferation occurring in organ transplant recipients?
• An insulating substance made of a segmented layer of lipid material is known as:
• Autosomal chromosomes are defined as the
• A polar lipid molecule that is part of the plasma membrane (lipid bilayer) is known as what?
• Gigantism results from growth hormone excess in children before epiphyseal plate closure. Which description best captures this?
• Tidal volume is defined as:
• What determines the degree to which the lungs inflate or deflate?
• Which statement about gout is false?
• Dystrophic calcification occurs in ...
• Which energy-yielding process occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?
• What is the main ingredient in smog air pollution?
• Which condition is a common precipitating factor for the hyperosmolar state described?
• Cancer development involves inactivation of tumor suppressor genes usually by loss of heterozygosity or silencing and activation of oncogenes. What is this process called?
• Inadequate blood supply in the circulation and can cause a decrease in blood flow to local vessels that may result in hypoxia and subsequent cell injury or death.
• In TNM staging, which letter denotes metastasis?
• Which molecules secreted by metastatic cells digest the extracellular matrix and basement membrane to enable invasion and movement?
• Which proteins form water channels in cell membranes?
• Genotype is
• What do you call a somatic cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes?
• Fragile X syndrome is associated with a fragile site on which chromosome?
• Febrile seizures are associated with the later development of which condition?
• Fat necrosis characteristically results in the formation of soaps and commonly occurs in which tissues?
• The electrical potential difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest is known as what?
• Colorectal cancer commonly metastasizes to which combination of organs?
• What is the latent period for radiation-induced cancer?
• Locus is defined as
• What is the normal core body temperature range in Celsius?
• A flexible connective tissue composed of collagen fibers, ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fibers is known as what?
• Which term describes tissue injury that occurs when oxygen is reintroduced after a period of ischemia, due to reactive oxygen species?
• The cone-shaped end of the spinal cord is called the
• Which term refers to degeneration of the nervous system?
• What is an important contributor to skin carcinogenesis?
• Which structure is made up of efferent fibers of the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontocerebellar tracts?
• Which process transfers energy from nutrients to ATP and occurs in mitochondria?
• Familial melanoma is associated with loss of which gene?
• Which term describes medications such as aspirin and acetaminophen that lower fever only when fever is high enough?
• Which statement about rhabdomyolysis is true?
• Fatty infiltration of the liver is most commonly due to which factors?
• Which process refers to the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers in gametes?
• The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm. Which cell component contains these enzymes?
• Which term describes the genetic makeup across all gene loci in an individual?
• Which of the following is a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
• Which brain area is involved in programming of motor movements?
• Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium?
• Short branching fibers that form an inelastic network describe which connective tissue?
• Two different alleles of a given gene are referred to as what?
• Familial adenomatous polyposis arises from loss of which tumor suppressor gene?
• Which term describes excessive daytime sleepiness?
• Which neuron releases neurotransmitters onto the synapse?
• Small, hollow, cylindrical, unbranched protein structures that form part of the cytoskeleton are called what?
• Fraternal twins who developed from two fertilized ova are known as which term?
• A feature of an anterior pituitary adenoma is...
• Radon is a radioactive gas found in basements and mines that can lead to lung cancer.
• Decrease or shrinkage in cell size is called what?
• The term for mating of two related individuals that raises the recurrence risk of recessive disorders is which?
• Which circuit consists of the amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, thalamus, and cingulate gyrus?
• The cauda equina is a nerve bundle consisting of spinal nerves after the end of the spinal cord.
• Parathyroid hormone promotes activation of vitamin D by stimulating which kidney enzyme?
• Which cellular structure is the primary site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm?
• Which term describes one of two identical chromosomal strands that splits longitudinally before cell division?
• What is the term for the position of a gene on a chromosome?
• What is the term for the continuous record during sleep of multiple physiological variables (brain waves, the oxygen level in your blood, heart rate and breathing, as well as eye and leg movements during the study)?
• Disease of the heart characterized by hypertrophy and dilatation of the right ventricle and secondary to disease of the lungs or their blood vessels.
• An electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids or carbohydrates is known as what?
• Enzymes that activate xenobiotics belong to which phase of detoxification?
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome is associated with loss of which tumor suppressor gene?
• Exophthalmos is a feature of Graves disease due to what?
• A duplicated gene or gene sequence is called what?
• What is Sheehan's syndrome?
• Intraocular fluids are located within which structure?
• ALS involves degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons in which regions?
• Toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals in food are called what?
• Which chromosomal translocation is associated with chronic myeloid leukemia?
• Death of an apparently healthy infant usually before one year of age that is of unknown cause and occurs especially during sleep.
• Hyperkalemia can result from which factors?
• Which term describes the combination of DNA and proteins that form the contents of the nucleus of a cell?
• Lung cancer metastasizes to multiple organs including the brain. Which organ listed is among its metastasis sites?
• In the TNM staging system, what does N indicate?
• Which oncogene is amplified in about 25% of childhood neuroblastoma cases?
• Which cellular process uses energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler molecules?
• Which transport mechanism moves solutes through a membrane via a carrier protein without using metabolic energy?
• Neurons that are the most common and have multiple dendrites and a single axon; example: most motor neurons
• What term describes the adjustment of acid-base content in response to changes in pH?
• Life-threatening heat illness associated with rectal temperature above 106 degrees Fahrenheit and thermoregulatory failure is called what?
• Sarco- prefixes indicate tumors arising from which tissue type?
• Enzyme that transcribes DNA into RNA
• Which pressure draws water from the interstitial space back into capillaries?
• Which structure comprises the brain and spinal cord, enclosed within the skull and vertebral column?
• Undifferentiated cells not committed to specific function are called what?
• What is the vital capacity value?
• Gas gangrene is characterized by gas production in tissues due to Clostridium; which option describes this hallmark?
• The signs of hypothyroidism due to stored thyroid hormone typically appear after about how long?
• Which major brain region consists of the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus?
• Which HPV viruses have existing vaccines?
• Which is a mechanism of heat loss?
• Which structure is known for producing dopamine in the midbrain?
• What is the major force behind filtration across capillary walls?
• Which bacterium is a spirochete known for causing Lyme disease?
• A single piece of coiled DNA and protein containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences describes which structure?
• Secondary cancer after radiation treatment for leukemia typically develops within how many years?
• Which epithelial tissue is flat and thin, suited for exchange of materials?
• Which is the most numerous type of CNS cell?
• Spondylolysis is best described as
• Which chemotherapy is given before localized treatment to shrink tumor or make treatment easier?
• Which of the following describes a benign tumor of adipose tissue?
• Which tumor marker is associated with germ cell tumors?
• Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in which organs and due to what?
• Aldosterone's main action on the kidneys is to
• Gastroparesis in diabetes is primarily due to which mechanism?
• Low magnesium caused by malnutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism, renal tubular dysfunction, acidosis, diabetes, and diuretic use.
• Which statement about tumor markers is true?
• The role of the respiratory system includes
• Which marker is commonly used to monitor prostate cancer progression?
• What is a malignant tumor of pigmented cells in the skin?
• Two breaks on a chromosome with a reversal in order during reattachment are called what?
• What event in the presynaptic neuron triggers vesicle fusion and release of neurotransmitters?
• Main protein component of connective tissue produced by mainly by fibroblasts.
• Which area is responsible for the motor aspects of speech and, when damaged, produces expressive aphasia?
• Transient ischemic attack is defined as
• Which response is a heat production mechanism during fever?
• There are __ cervical, __ thoracic, __ lumbar, __ sacral and __ coccygeal levels of the spinal cord.
• Which brain region located in the pons and brainstem plays a critical role in the generation of REM sleep?
• Which organelle is the principal site of protein modification, sorting, and packaging for secretion?
• Which term describes having too much thyroid hormone as seen with hyperthyroidism?
• The hypothalamus responds to low body temperature by releasing which hormone?
• The posterior/dorsal horn is primarily associated with which type of information?
• Which term refers to an aneurysm caused by infection with bacteria or fungi?
• Which unit expresses osmolality?
• Which of the following is a sleep-promoting substance?
• Which feature is typical of benign tumors?
• Which CNS property decreases with age, reducing the brain's ability to adapt to new experiences?
• The normal inspiratory reserve value is approximately:
• Chromosomes occur in pairs in somatic cells. What term describes this?
• Which condition entails sudden loss of the sympathetic nervous system signals to the smooth muscle in vessel walls, causing vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia and hypothermia?
• Which hormone is released by the thyroid gland in response to TSH?
• Incidence rate is defined as the number of new disease cases in a defined period divided by the population size. Which term describes this rate?
• Which process involves two successive cell divisions that produce gametes with a haploid chromosome number?
• LH deficiency leads to which endocrine effects?
• The organelle involved in producing and releasing a substance from the cell, with emphasis on processing and transport of proteins, is which?
• In hypotonic hyponatremia, urine sodium is typically greater than which threshold?
• Which finding is a hallmark of rhabdomyolysis?
• An increase in the electric potential difference across a cell membrane, making the inside more negative, is called?
• Which statement best describes adjuvant chemotherapy?
• Which term describes the CNS's capacity to change in response to experience?
• A delicate connective tissue around each axon in the peripheral nervous system is the:
• The sex-linked chromosomes are the
• In HHNK, which of the following describes the typical acid–base status?
• Osmotic pressure is described as which of the following?
• Which molecules are listed as angiogenic factors?
• Descending pathways carrying impulses from the CNS to effector organs are called which?
• What term describes elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood?
• An organelle with ribosomes on its surface that synthesizes, processes, and transports proteins is which?
• Which ABG finding characterizes respiratory acidosis?
• Graves disease: which statement is true?
• Alcohol-related cancers commonly involve which organs?
• Chronic inflammation predisposes to the development of cancer due to which process?
• What is the rare inherited condition that causes a rapid and dangerous rise in body temperature after anesthesia due to abnormal calcium handling?
• The BCR-ABL fusion protein is produced by which chromosomal translocation, commonly associated with chronic myeloid leukemia?
• Type 1 alveolar cells are characterized by which of the following features?
• Which tissue is composed primarily of animal fat?
• Which mutation type results when a nucleotide substitution creates a premature stop codon?
• Which statement best describes gout?
• Which serum changes are typical in primary hyperparathyroidism?
• Which describes diffuse brain injury (diffuse axonal injury)?
• Type II diabetes mellitus is more common in which populations?
• Which statement best defines a primary endocrine disorder?
• Loss of chloride associated with hyponatremia, vomiting, loss of gastric acid, cystic fibrosis, or diuretic-related sodium deficit.
• Barrier immunity is best described as
• What term describes replacing one adult cell type with another?
• Which set of steps is standard in managing diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Which of the following is NOT a glucocorticoid?
• Which condition describes an excessive release of ADH leading to water retention?
• Repeated CT scanning can alter the balance between which two systems and increase the number of reactive oxygen species?
• Which best describes atrophy at the cellular level?
• Which cells found in the CNS and PNS provide structural support, nourishment for neurons, remove debris, increase speed of nerve impulses, and participate in memory?
• Hyperchloremia occurs with hypernatremia or a bicarbonate deficit (metabolic acidosis). Which option listing reflects this finding?
• Which statement about aldosterone's role is correct?
• Which connective tissue type is primarily responsible for attaching structures to one another, such as tendons and ligaments?
• Which of the following best describes active-mediated transport?
• Which brain tissue lies beneath the cerebral cortex and is composed of myelinated nerve fibers that send messages to neurons?
• What term describes the total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation?
• Hypotonic hyponatremia is defined by osmolality in which range?
• Which disorder is an acute, inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system, typically triggered by a preceding infection and causing weakness and numbness?
• Which cancer is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
• The pleura is best described as which of the following?
• Activation of proto-oncogenes results in what effect?
• Which growth pattern is typical of benign tumors, involving expansion rather than invasion?
• Hypercalcemia can result from which of the following conditions?
• Which organelle is described as having ribosomes on its surface and assisting in protein synthesis and transport?
• During cell division, which stage is when a new nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes, spindle fibers disappear, and chromosomes begin to uncoil?
• What is the term for inactivation of both gene copies in a tumor suppressor gene?
• Which component primarily constitutes the basic structural framework of the plasma membrane?
• Which neurotransmitter is synthesized by neurons in the substantia nigra and plays a key role in movement control?
• Which term refers to an alternate version of a gene?
• Which brain region is primarily involved in executive function, planning, and impulse control?
• Dorsal respiratory group mainly handles which phase of breathing?
• What fraction of all cancers have an activating mutation of Ras?
• Hyperosmolality affects potassium by causing it to move out of cells, resulting in which electrolyte condition?
• Nissl substances are composed of which cellular components that are involved in protein synthesis?
• How does acidosis affect ionized calcium levels?
• Which nerves project from the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramina of the vertebrae?
• What term describes a protein that spans the plasma membrane and is exposed on both sides?
• Which finding is most characteristic of an androgen-secreting adrenal adenoma in a woman?
• What term describes a syndrome caused by biologically active tumor markers that produce symptoms?
• Which condition is a tumor originating within neural tissue?
• A glandular epithelium-derived malignant tumor is called?
• Phenotype is
• Which term describes the spread of cancer to other parts of the body?
• Which chromosome pair determines biological sex in humans?
• What term describes a lack of normal muscle tone or tension?
• Exophthalmos is most closely associated with which endocrine condition?
• Which lung volume represents the maximum additional air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration?
• Which agent induces hypothermia, reduces platelet function, and impairs the coagulation cascade?
• In gray matter, neurons are organized into vertical structures perpendicular to the surface. What are these structures called?
• Testicular cancer metastasizes to which organ among the following?
• Which term describes trait variation caused by multiple genes?
• Which molecule is a classic example of a substance that readily diffuses through the lipid bilayer?
• Which term describes the proportion of a population currently living with a disease at a given time?
• Which hormone promotes calcium reabsorption in the kidneys and bone resorption?
• Which condition is autoimmune in origin and affects the adrenal glands?
• Febrile seizures occur predominantly in which population and are typically what in duration?
• Expression of the disease in two related family members is termed what?
• What is the initial step in the metastatic cascade?
• In secondary hyperparathyroidism, what changes occur in parathyroid hormone (PTH) and serum calcium?
• During exercise, what happens to intracellular ATP and potassium movement?
• Which tumor is a slow-growing mass derived from arachnoid tissue in the dural membrane and is usually benign?
• Which system within the brain maintains wakefulness and alertness?
• Which reactive species contribute to tissue injury during reperfusion after ischemia?
• Under anaerobic conditions, which process provides energy for the cell?
• Which structure is a large network of nuclei within the brainstem that regulates vital reflexes and is essential for maintaining wakefulness?
• Which cellular process uses energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler molecules?
• Myxedema is edema associated with which condition?
• Metaplasia is defined as what?
• Which condition involves significantly lowered oxygen tension and increased carbon dioxide retention during sleep?
• Classic cerebral concussion is a diffuse brain injury with disconnection from the brainstem reticular activating system and is defined by which of the following?
• Which acute emergency involves dangerously high thyroid hormone levels, high fever, extreme tachycardia, and potential death from heart failure or dysrhythmias?
• Which acid-base disorder is defined by a decreased pH due to elevated carbon dioxide resulting from alveolar hypoventilation?
• Which extracellular matrix protein is most associated with cell adhesion and maintains tissue structure?
• Which physical finding is commonly associated with Cushing syndrome?
• Neurons that have two distinct processes arising from the cell body; example: neuron connecting rod and cone cells of the retina
• Which term describes the brain region composed of the tectum, tegmentum, and basis pedunculi?
• Which statement best describes the hormonal effects of LH deficiency?
• Which brain tissue consists of neuron cell bodies and dendrites and is organized into columns perpendicular to the surface?
• HTLV-1 is linked to which disease?
• Traits that are measured on a continuous numeric scale are known as what?
• Cancer of blood forming cells is called what?
• Benign tumor of fat cells is called
• What term describes identical twins that originate from a single fertilized ovum?
• Which term describes the volume of blood within the arterial space, such that changes in extracellular fluid (ECF) cause changes in the effective arterial blood volume in the same direction?
• Therapeutic hyperthermia primarily works by which mechanism?
• Encephalitis is best defined as
• Which condition is inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord due to infection?
• Which brain division is composed of the cerebellum and pons?
• Which term best describes the lipid molecules that form the basic barrier of the plasma membrane?
• Which process is primarily associated with enabling metastatic spread through changes in cell adhesion and migratory capacity?
• What is the normal gene that promotes cell proliferation when properly regulated?
• Post-transplant lymphoproliferation refers to B-cell lymphomas in which group?
• Which receptors contribute to automatic regulation of breathing aside from chemoreceptors?
• What is the normal tidal volume?
• Nodes of Ranvier are interruptions in which structures?
• What are the typical uses for tumor markers in cancer management?
• What is a common site for lymphoma metastasis?
• Which sign or symptom is common in hyperthyroidism?
• Which condition is inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord due to infection?
• Which term describes a protein that extends across the lipid bilayer and is exposed to an aqueous environment on both sides?
• What is released from presynaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft to transmit signals?
• Sympathetic stimulation on the lungs causes which primary effect on the airways?
• Which system within the brainstem is specifically associated with arousal and wakefulness?
• Which condition is described as a neuromuscular disorder caused by autoimmune antibodies to acetylcholine receptors?
• A female with three X chromosomes is known as
• Which organelle is involved in forming the mitotic spindle during cell division?
• An increase in blood volume large enough to cause hypertension and edema is known as:
• What term describes impulses carried away from the CNS to muscles or glands?
• Which statement best describes the major chemical components of cell membranes?
• What occurs during exocytosis?
• Euploid describes cells that have a multiple of the normal number of chromosomes. Which option correctly identifies this concept?
• Which characteristic most strongly differentiates malignant tumors from benign tumors?
• Which test is used to monitor long-term glycemic control in diabetes?
• Which symptom is listed as part of the metabolic acidosis presentation?
• The adrenal medulla primarily secretes which hormones?
• Arteriovenous malformation is best described as ...
• The cone-shaped, organelle-free area where the axon leaves the cell body is the:
• The telomere of each chromosome arm is deleted and the broken arms are joined
• In thyroid nodules, what mechanism most commonly increases thyroid hormone secretion?
• Which condition is a tumor originating within neural tissue?
• Which sleep disorder is characterized by breathing disturbances during sleep due to upper airway obstruction?
• The temporal lobe houses which primary cortex?
• What term describes a cell that secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that acts on the same cell?
• Metabolic alkalosis is associated with increased pH due to loss of acids or increased bicarbonate.
• Two membranes surround and transport materials in and out of the nucleus. This structure is called the what?
• Which division consists of motor and sensory pathways regulating voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle?
• Which statement about breathing control is correct?
• Hypoparathyroidism typically causes which electrolyte disturbance?
• Which process involves engulfing bacteria and other particulate matter into vesicles for digestion?
• What process describes epithelial cells acquiring mesenchymal features to facilitate metastasis?
• What process explains the growth of new blood vessels to supply a tumor?
• Which components make up the TNM staging system?
• Inspiratory Capacity value is
• The lowest portion of the brainstem is the
• Which process uses DNA as a template to synthesize messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA?
• Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with heat cramps?
• Small, fingerlike projections of the surface of an epithelial cell involved in absorption of water and nutrients are called what?
• Cancer confined to the organ of origin is designated as which stage?
• An ______ _______ in the presynaptic neuron causes the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.
• UV radiation is associated with which skin cancers?
• Hypertonic hyponatremia is defined by which osmolality and mechanism?
• Lack of FSH results in which effect in women?
• A cell that has three copies of each chromosome is called
• Movement of water and solutes through a membrane driven by a greater hydrostatic pressure on one side is best described as what?
• The combined effects of impulses from multiple neurons on a single synapse at the same time are called what?
• Which component of the nervous system is primarily composed of glial cells that support neurons?
• Which cells lose their ability to replicate and divide?
• Which term describes the chemical signals that induce the development and growth of blood vessels in tumors?
• Which structure transmits information from the cerebellum to brainstem nuclei and relays motor information from the cerebral cortex to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere?
• Oncogenes encode proteins that promote growth. Which of the following is NOT a typical oncogene-encoded category?
• What category do adipose tissue secretions that regulate energy balance belong to?
• Which description best defines wet gangrene?
• Which T category corresponds to no detectable tumor?
• Phase II detoxification enzymes mainly perform what action?
• Inhibitors of growth factor stimulation, blockers of specific phases of the cell cycle, and inducers of terminal differentiation and senescence are characteristic of which gene category?
• Functional Residual Capacity is defined as
• Which enzyme class catalyzes hydrolysis of chemical bonds by adding water?
• Which transmitter released from postsynaptic neurons modulates neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons?
• Which system is important in protecting against cancers caused by viral infection?
• What is the normal inspiratory reserve volume?
• What term describes a technique for relieving breathing problems by pumping a steady flow of air through the nose to prevent the narrowing or collapse of air passages or to help the lungs to expand?
• Passive transport is best described by which statement?
• Lysosomes originate from which organelle?
• In the retina, which neuron type connects photoreceptors to other retinal neurons?
• Which hormone released by the adrenal medulla increases metabolic rate?
• Which of the following is a symptom of heat exhaustion?
• Which anatomical term best describes the hindbrain subdivision that includes the cerebellum and pons?
• Which organelle contains the primary site of energy production via oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain?
• Which transport mechanism uses transmembrane proteins with receptors that have a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported?
• Benign tumor of skeletal muscle?
• A solution with lower osmotic pressure than the cell interior is described as?
• Which condition is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS?
• Which sleep-related disorder is marked by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, often at night?
• Which structure relays motor information from the cerebral cortex to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere?
• During nuclear and cellular division, chromosomes are condensed and aligned along the equatorial plate. What phase is this?
• Two or more alleles of a gene that occur with appreciable frequency in a population are referred to as what?
• Myelin is a lipid-rich insulating sheath around axons; which term describes this structure?
• Which structure is a major motor output center influenced by the cerebellum?
• Which term best describes a cancer that is composed of cells with different appearances within the same tumor?
• What segment of DNA occurs at the ends of chromosomes?
• An involuntary discharge of urine: incontinence of urine.
• Which type of neuron transmits impulses between neurons and participates in cognitive function?
• Which cells are able to divide indefinitely because they produce telomerase?
• Normal plasma osmolality is approximately 280-295 mOsm. Which of the following represents the normal range?
• Which virus is NOT listed as associated with cancer in the material?
• Automatic regulation of breathing is primarily mediated by which receptors?
• Which system involves primitive behavioral responses, visceral reactions to emotion, feeding, biological rhythms, and memory consolidation through a reverberating circuit?
• Colorectal cancer metastasizes to which organ among the following?
• Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a mechanism by which sodium and water levels are regulated, increasing water and sodium reabsorption in the kidney.
• The tissue described as short branching fibers that form an inelastic network is called what?
• Osmosis is defined as which of the following?
• Which statement correctly lists the approximate proportions of the major body fluid compartments?
• Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla and increases metabolic rate and heat production?
• A measure describing how much more (or less) likely an exposed group is to develop a disease compared to an unexposed group is called what?
• Heat loss through electromagnetic waves is called?
• Which organelle is described as a membrane factory that specializes in synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles?
• Which oncogene is amplified in about 20% of breast cancer cases?
• Ventral respiratory group is involved in which aspects of breathing?
• Which cells form the air-blood barrier in the alveoli?
• Low sodium due to diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, suctioning, burns, inadequate intake, excess water, IV dextrose, renal failure, CHF or cirrhosis.
• Molecule produced by the immune system that mediates interactions between cells to kill bacteria during the inflammatory response.
• Peroxisomes are named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide. Why are they named peroxisomes?
• Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania is a cluster-type headache with daily frequency of 4-12 per day and short duration of 20-120 minutes. Which statement best describes its pattern?
• What term describes a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?
• Decreased blood volume capable of causing hypotension, tachycardia, and decreased urine output.
• Which of the following is NOT a listed use for tumor markers?
• Which statement best describes myxedema coma?
• Attaches structures to one another (tendons and ligaments)
• Which neurological disorder is characterized by aching, burning, crawling, or creeping sensations of the legs that occur especially at night usually when lying down and cause a compelling urge to move the legs?
• Metabolic acidosis is characterized by which of the following?
• Which organ is listed as a common site for alcohol-related cancers?
• A coup brain injury is best described as damage to the brain:
• What temperature can produce convulsions in adults?
• HTLV-1 is associated with which disease?
• What is the fever temperature range in Celsius?
• Extensions that carry nerve impulses toward the cell body are called:
• Which term describes a female with three X chromosomes?
• Which condition is commonly caused by malnutrition, iron deficiency, chemotherapy, radiation, or malignancies in blood-forming organs?
• Which term is a benign tumor of smooth muscle?
• Which set represents normal values for pH, bicarbonate, and PaCO2?
• The misregulated protein tyrosine kinase that promotes growth of myeloid cells is which protein?
• Which condition is a female with three X chromosomes?
• Which adipokine enhances the production of inflammatory factors and TNF-α?
• Which extracellular matrix component forms a mesh that provides elasticity to tissues and allows stretch-recoil?
• Which organelle is the primary site of phospholipid synthesis and detoxification in the liver, and also helps in steroid production in gonads and calcium release in muscle cells?
• Increased free fatty acids in the bloodstream lead to which condition?
• Which lung volume represents the additional air that can be inhaled beyond a normal inspiration?
• Which statement best describes reactive oxygen species (ROS) in healthy cells?
• Pulmonary surfactant has which primary function?
• Which of the following are risk factors for melanoma?
• What is the biologic response associated with radiation-induced cancer development?
• Which glial cell is primarily responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the CNS?
• Which of the following is a microangiopathy associated with chronic diabetes?
• Which letter in TNM is used to designate tumor size?
• Which term denotes bundles of axons within a peripheral nerve?
• Dystrophic calcification is associated with which conditions?
• Where do malignant tumors in the intestines commonly metastasize?
• What is the Fahrenheit equivalent of 43C?
• Inherited mutations that disrupt caretaker genes and cause chromosome instability are associated with which gene class?
• Cancer stem cell model describes tumor regrowth due to which feature?
• Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another (sometimes less differentiated).
• Which condition is a benign nerve sheath tumor in the peripheral nervous system?
• Mutations in caretaker genes lead to what consequence?
• Aldosterone promotes the excretion of which ion in the distal nephron?
• Which response is part of heat conservation mediated by the sympathetic nervous system?
• What does PTLD stand for?
• Anchorage independence refers to cancer cells' ability to grow without attachment to a solid surface.
• Which condition involves sudden skeletal muscle cramps due to prolonged work in the heat with profuse sweating and salt loss?
• Hypersecretion of growth hormone is most commonly caused by what?
• Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system results in which of the following?
• Which factor enhances the effectiveness of radiation therapy when present in tumor tissue?
• Which hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to water deficit or Na+ excess, causing the kidneys to reabsorb water and increase plasma volume?
• Ras is an example of which category of oncogene-encoded proteins?
• A nerve bundle consisting of spinal nerves after the end of the spinal cord is called the
• Which type of epithelium has two or more layers and is primarily involved in protection?
• Which of the following best describes the clinical features of hypovolemic hypernatremia?
• Which substances produced by phagocytes that raise the hypothalamic set point are responsible for fever?
• Which cerebrovascular event is caused by hypertension or ruptured aneurysms and results in bleeding within the brain?
• Function of telomerase?
• Which glial cell removes debris through phagocytosis in the CNS?
• Metastatic calcification can be driven by which of the following?
• Cancer that is locally invasive corresponds to which stage?
• Dysplasia is best described as which of the following?
• Residual volume is defined as:
• A solution with higher osmotic pressure than the cell interior is described as?
• Endometrial hyperplasia is an example of pathologic hyperplasia usually related to hormones. Which option matches this concept?
• Which group of neurons primarily deals with inspiration?
• Which is a potential consequence of edema?
• Free radicals can cause which of the following effects?
• Which mutation involves insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame?
• Which term describes abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells?
• Which term describes the complete genetic content of an organism?
• Which process describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane down its concentration gradient?
• An increase in the size of cells and the affected organ is called.
• Which term best describes a chromosome mosaic pattern where only a subset of cells shows trisomy?
• Which three processes are involved in respiration?
• Which statement best describes type II diabetes mellitus?
• Which structure contains centers for vital reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting?
• CDKN2A encodes which cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor associated with melanoma?
• Which term is a malignant tumor of epithelial origin?
• Familial adenomatous polyposis results from loss of which gene?
• What term describes the spread of cancer to distant parts of the body?
• Loss of which tumor suppressor gene causes Retinoblastoma in children?
• RNA-protein complex involved in translating RNA into protein is called what?
• Which term describes the process of replacement of one mature cell by another, often as an adaptation?
• Which term describes movement toward chemical signals?
• In nodal staging, which N category indicates no axillary lymph nodes involved?
• Repeated CT scanning can shift the redox balance toward which type of species?
• Enzymes located in the liver that protect against reactive intermediates and non-activated xenobiotics are called which phase?
• Sleep apnea is a mild form of which syndrome?
• Which term denotes death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep with unknown cause?
• A benign tumor of fat tissue is called
• Which neuroglial cell fills spaces between neurons and surrounds blood vessels in the CNS?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with obstructive sleep apnea?
• The inspiratory capacity value is defined as
• A cell with more than the diploid number of chromosomes is termed what?
• Which HPV types cause the majority of cancers?
• Bipolar neurons have how many distinct processes arising from the cell body?
• Cells that are square in shape involved in absorption and secretion
• The difference in electrical charge across the membrane of an unstimulated cell due to unequal ion distribution is called what?
• Which center limits inspiration and is associated with the pneumotaxic region?
• Which protein is the product of the BCR-ABL fusion and drives leukemogenesis?
• A chromosome that has its telomeres deleted and the ends joined to form a ring is called what?
• In metastasis assessment, which M category indicates no metastases?
• Which lung volume remains in the lungs after maximal expiration?
• The occipital lobe houses which primary cortex?
• Kaposi sarcoma is caused by infection with which virus family?
• Benign tumor of smooth muscle?
• What is the primary mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?
• Which is a pathologic cause of atrophy due to disuse?
• A break, rupture, or crack in bone or cartilage is called what?
• What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential to initiate an action potential?
• Which element is a known neurotoxin that can cause permanent intellectual impairments?
• Which protein is primarily involved in growth signaling and can be converted from proto-oncogene to oncogene by mutation?
• Which boundary consists of two membranes and regulates transport into and out of the nucleus?
• Deficiency of TSH causes a lack of which hormone?
• In Graves disease, what happens to T3 and T4 levels due to TSI stimulation?
• What term describes the process by which the plasma membrane folds inward to form vesicles that bring substances into the cell?
• Which endocytic mechanism is used for selective uptake of nutrients by binding to receptors on the cell surface?
• Which extracellular matrix protein is fibrous and can stretch and recoil, similar to collagen?
• What is the rod or threadlike organelle that carries the DNA and genes?
• What term describes the phenomenon whereby cerebral impulses control functions on the opposite side of the body?
• Hair-like projections that propel mucus, pus, and dust particles out of the body are called
• Which of the following is an awake-promoting neurotransmitter?
• What term defines the proportion of individuals with a given genotype who express the expected phenotype?
• Nucleus is not undergoing division; which cell cycle phase is this?
• Which cancer has a treatment vaccine available?
• Which hormone is elevated in SIADH?
• Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes and cleaves bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates?
• Dysfunction of which brain structure is associated with Parkinson disease?
• Which brain system is associated with memory consolidation and includes structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala?
• Which hypothalamic structure receives photic input from the retina and regulates circadian rhythms?
• Isotonic hyponatremia is characterized by which osmolality and mechanism?
• Cells that are taller than they are wide. Important in absorption and movement of mucus.
• Which cancer type is linked to HPV according to the material?
• Which chromosomal abnormality involves exchange of material between non-homologous chromosomes?
• The cellular uptake of cholesterol depends on which process?
• What characterizes oncosis?
• Which mechanism describes cellular uptake of small molecules via caveolae?
• Expressivity refers to variation in phenotype associated with a genotype.
• Primary hyperaldosteronism is most clearly associated with which electrolyte disturbance?
• Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) primarily function to:
• Hypermagnesemia can occur due to which source?
• Which statement about lysosomes is true?
• The combination of DNA and proteins that make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell and packages DNA into a smaller volume is called what?
• Traits that are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors are called
• Neurogenic diabetes insipidus results from dysfunction in which area?
• Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands leading to deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone defines which condition?
• Carcinoma in situ refers to preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin.
• Radiation-induced cellular damage occurs via which mechanisms?
• According to the material, where is the pituitary gland located?
• Interstitial oncotic pressure is created by which of the following?
• Which enzyme family is involved in metabolism of environmental carcinogens and ROS, with higher cancer risk if absent?
• What term describes an alternate version of a gene?
• Which term is the malignant tumor of skeletal muscle?
• In nodal staging, which N category indicates mobile nodes are involved?
• What is the general sequence of steps in cancer metastasis?
• Loss of which tumor suppressor gene is linked to Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
• Transmitters released from postsynaptic neurons that modulate neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons are called what?
• Which statement best describes pituitary disease as given?
• Where are the CYP450 phase I enzymes primarily located?
• Among the following, which are hematologic abnormalities commonly observed in advanced cancer?
• Which sequence best describes the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System activation and its effects on blood pressure and volume?
• Pseudounipolar neurons are typical of sensory neurons in which locations?
• Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
• Which hormone is synthesized and released from myocardial tissue in response to high sodium concentration, high extracellular fluid volume, or high blood volume, and promotes sodium excretion and vasodilation?
• Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structures?
• Precursor cells that adhere to like cells and undergo mitosis to form tissues are referred to as what?
• Three copies (trisomy) of chromosome 21 result in which condition?
• Tunnel-like channels that connect adjacent cells and permit passage of ions and small signaling molecules are called what?
• Which statement describes the effect of insulin on potassium balance?
• Which term describes malignant bone tumor?
• Which glial cell deposits myelin within the CNS and is the CNS counterpart of Schwann cells?
• Wilms tumor is associated with loss of which gene?
• Which organelle synthesizes and transports lipids within the cell?
• Tension headache is described as
• Progression from benign to malignant tumor requires ______ ________?
• What is the process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell?
• Which tumor arising from arachnoid tissue in the dural membrane typically increases intracranial pressure and is usually benign?
• In metabolic acidosis, what happens to renal excretion of hydrogen ions?
• Which gland produces calcitonin?
• Which list represents the seven factors that contribute to cancer risk?
• In the management of SIADH, monitor for which complication?
• When a mucous gland cell creates a new substance from absorbed material, this process is known as which specialized cellular function?
• Which structure acts as a relay and integrating center for sensory information to the cerebral cortex and for motor information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum?
• Which tumor marker is associated with GI, pancreas, lung, and breast tumors?
• A fusiform (giant) aneurysm is defined as
• Which molecule acts as a second messenger in many signaling pathways?
• Which glial cell wraps around axons in the peripheral nervous system?
• In the provided material, which lab value is associated with decompensated heart failure?
• Cancer cells often rely on glycolysis for energy even in the presence of oxygen. Which option best reflects this metabolic tendency?
• Which midbrain structure relays motor information and is influenced by the cerebellum?
• Which term describes hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle due to disease of the lungs or their blood vessels?
• A neurotransmitter binds to receptors on which side of the synaptic cleft?
• Which cellular structure creates a barrier to diffusion, prevents the movement of substances through transport proteins, and prevents leakage of small molecules between adjacent cells?
• Prolactinoma refers to pituitary tumors that secrete which hormone?
• Primary liver cancer?
• A female with only one X chromosome (45 chromosomes total) is known as
• What temperature in Celsius is commonly cited as lethal due to hyperthermia?
• Which chromosome group determines an individual's sex?
• Most of a cell's genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
• Directional movement and attraction of microorganisms or phagocytes to substances released in the environment or tissues is called what?
• Which term means expression of a disease in two related family members?
• Which system is composed of the Papez circuit, septal area, habenula, nucleus accumbens, and related hypothalamic autonomic nuclei?
• Which term describes a variant form of a gene at a specific locus?
• Which of the following is NOT a listed symptom of malignant hyperthermia?
• What major white matter pathway connects the two cerebral hemispheres and coordinates activities between them?
• Which medications are classified as antipyrogenic and are used only if fever is high enough to cause serious side effects?
• Which process describes the ingestion and digestion of bacteria and debris by a cell?
• Squamous cell carcinoma involves mutation of which gene?
• What major integrating center for afferent impulses to the cerebral cortex also serves as a relay center for sensory aspects of motor information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to cortical motor areas?
• Which neuron type has one process that has its dendritic portion extending away from the CNS and its axon portion projecting into the CNS, typical of sensory neurons in cranial and spinal nerves?
• Which process describes water movement through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration?
• Which proteins bind DNA and help organize chromatin into chromosomes?
• A cell that has four copies of each chromosome is called
• Which term describes the fluid in the interstitial space?
• Ventilation is defined as
• Which of the following best describes a berry aneurysm?
• An organism's development that is contingent on its environment is described as what?
• Which organelle is primarily responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles?
• What is the normal Fahrenheit core body temperature range?
• Gonadocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex are best described as which type of hormones?
• What term denotes the process where one mature cell type is replaced by another?
• Which term describes an intracranial tumor most commonly found in children that originates from the inner lining of the fourth ventricle?
• Which passage carries CSF and obstruction of this causes hydrocephalus?
• The proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific point in time is called what?
• Which statement correctly identifies Type 2 alveolar cell function?
• Malignant tumor arising from connective tissue is called
• What term describes the composition of genes at a specific locus on a chromosome?
• Which neurotransmitter is produced in the hypothalamus and is associated with wakefulness?
• Ovarian cancer metastasizes to which of the following areas?
• Solutions with equal osmotic pressures are described as what?
• DNA methylation and covalent histone modification can mimic mutation by heritably inactivating tumor suppressor genes. What is this mechanism called?
• Which organelle contains the enzyme catalase and oxidases?
• Which conduction process results from ions flowing between segments of a myelinated axon, increasing conduction speed?
• Carcinoma in situ refers to preinvasive malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells most commonly found in which site?
• Which enzyme replicates DNA using a single DNA strand as the template?
• Breast cancer predisposition is associated with loss of which tumor suppressor gene?
• Lack of oxygen caused by sudden vascular obstruction is known as which condition?
• Which receptor type shifts potassium out of the cell?
• What is a contusion?
• Which form of cell communication occurs through direct physical contact and usually involves gap junctions?
• Which intracellular structure packages and transports proteins to their destinations?
• Which term refers to a tumor originating from tissues outside the spinal cord, including the meninges, epidural tissue, or vertebral structures?
• Thyroid hormone primarily influences which physiological process?
• A new growth that may be benign or malignant is called a
• The temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex and is involved in long-term memory and other functions such as balance, taste, and smell. Which lobe is described?
• Which spinal cord region contains visceral motor neuron cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system?
• Macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus is characterized by which process?
• Gas gangrene is treated with which therapy?
• Which organ system regulates excretion and absorption of potassium?
• Which heat-related condition presents with faintness, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, and headache during exertion in a hot environment?
• In SIADH, which therapy may be used in severe hyponatremia?
• Passive diffusion of a solute down its concentration gradient without energy input.
• Hypovolemic hypernatremia is most commonly caused by which of the following?
• Addison disease is characterized by elevated levels of which hormone?
• Neurons that carry impulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS
• What term describes local, regional, or whole-body induced hyperthermia used to destroy pathogens or tumor cells by enhancing the host's natural immune process or tumor blood flow?
• Cluster headaches are characterized by which pattern?
• Which enzyme is involved in the transport of Na+ and K+ across the plasma membrane?
• Which hormones regulate the inverse relationship between calcium and phosphorus?
• Which of the following is a symptom of hypothermia?
• The internal capsule is best described as which structure?
• What is the largest component of the diencephalon?
• Which chromosomal abnormality describes an extra portion of a chromosome present in the cells?
• Which brain structure is made up of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons?
• Which large glycoprotein promotes cell adhesion and anchorage to the extracellular matrix?
• Damage to which lobe would most affect somatic sensory perception?
• Which genetic condition is characterized by a head size smaller than normal due to reduced brain size?
• One clinical feature of Graves disease is weight loss with increased appetite.
• Which is a physiologic cause of hypertrophy such as weightlifting?
• The accumulation of how many specific hits is typically required to cause full-blown cancer?
• Which hormone promotes sleep by signaling darkness to the brain?
• The habit of unconsciously gritting or grinding the teeth especially in situations of stress or during sleep.
• Autonomic hyperreflexia is a syndrome presenting with intense sympathetic discharge; which symptom is commonly observed?
• Which fluid compartment surrounds cells and bathes them in nutrients?
• What is the process by which substances are moved into cells via vesicles formed by the plasma membrane?
• What are the interruptions in the neurilemma and myelin sheath called?
• What is the annual allowable occupational exposure to radiation in the United States?
• Which condition is described as a benign nerve sheath tumor in the central nervous system?
• The corpus striatum is a component of which motor control system?
• Which statement about telomerase is true?
• Chemical reaction in which electrons are lost.
• What term describes the junctional complex that forms a passageway for ions and small signaling molecules between neighboring cells?
• A risk factor for infection in advanced disease includes leukopenia and debility; which condition is most likely?
• Primary hyperparathyroidism is most commonly caused by what?
• Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by softening of the bones with pain and weakness due to vitamin D or calcium deficiency or excessive renal phosphate loss.
• How does acid-base balance affect potassium distribution during acidosis and alkalosis?
• Metastatic calcification occurs in ...
• Nissl substances are best described as:
• In chemical signaling, what initiates a response by binding to a specific membrane receptor?
• Subdural hematoma is a collection of blood between inner surface of dura and brain caused by rupture of veins. Which of the following best fits this condition?
• Moderate hyponatremia is typically defined as which range and what symptoms predominate?
• Which hormones are released by the heart to promote sodium and water excretion and oppose the RAAS?
• Residual volume value is how many milliliters?
• Diffusion in respiration refers to
• Which term describes a multi-layered epithelial tissue primarily providing protection?
• Which statement best differentiates cavernous angiomas from arteriovenous malformations?
• Total Lung Capacity is best described as
• A decrease in blood volume causing hypotension and reduced urine output is called:
• Which bacterium causes Lyme disease?
• Extramedullary tumor(s) refer to tumors that originate from tissues outside the spinal cord, including the meninges, epidural tissue, or vertebral structures. Which option matches this definition?
• Which organelle is responsible for intracellular digestion through hydrolytic enzymes?
• Epidural hematoma occurs when blood collects between which structures?
• In hypoglycemia unawareness, long-standing diabetes mellitus may not develop hypoglycemia unless what is present?
• The effects of successive, rapid impulses from a single neuron on the same synapse are called what?
• Salt and water loss produce hemoconcentration and hypovolemia; this condition is termed what?
• Late-stage cancer pain is often due to mechanisms such as pressure, obstruction, invasion of pain-sensitive structures, and tissue destruction. Which option best represents this concept?
• Which condition is described as a benign nerve sheath tumor in the central nervous system?
• Which chromosomal condition refers to having only one copy of a chromosome in a diploid cell?
• Having variable size and shape describes which term?
• Which proteins form the core around which DNA winds to form chromatin?
• Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when released during cell injury?
• Which oncogene is amplified in breast cancer?
• Chronic increased vasodilation and decreased thermoregulatory control are associated with which condition among the following?
• Anaplasia in cancer cells refers to what?
• Which condition is described as a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS causing inflammation, axonal degeneration and scarring of myelin sheaths?
• Osteomalacia is commonly associated with deficiency of which vitamin?
• Extradural hematoma is best described as
• Point mutation of Ras is associated with which cancers?
• Severe hyponatremia is defined as Na less than 120 and is associated with which clinical features?
• Which statement best distinguishes Cushing disease from Cushing syndrome?
• Intravascular fluid refers to which of the following?
• What is the clinical term for the state of drowsiness?
• Which term denotes four copies of every chromosome in a cell?
• During mitosis, which stage is characterized by condensation and visibility of chromosomes?
• The probability that parents of a child with a genetic disease will have yet another child with the same disease is called what?
• Fraternal twins who developed from two fertilized ova.
• How many HPV types are listed as cancer-causing in the material?
• What structure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?
• Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through nuclear pore complexes. Through which structures do they reach the cytoplasm?
• Prostate cancer commonly metastasizes to which site?
• Liquefactive necrosis is most characteristic of which tissue?
• What term describes a substitution of one nucleotide for another that does not change the amino acid sequence?
• Which organism is linked to stomach cancer as per the material?
• Which condition is a temporary axonal disturbance following a head injury without loss of consciousness?
• The number and frequency of potentials the postsynaptic neuron receives is described by which term?
• Which of the following is a sign of hypothermia?
• What type of mutation involves insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides that changes the amino acid sequence?
• Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus involves which mechanism?
• Which lobe contains the primary visual cortex?
• Which of the following is a risk factor for melanoma?
• Extradural hematoma is best described as
• Which tumor marker used in neuroblastoma can be measured in urine as HVA/VMA?
• Which center is associated with expiration and inhibition of inspiratory activity?
• Intracellular molecule that acts as a second messenger and mediates the effects of extracellular substances on cell activity.
• Which sex chromosome abnormality is characterized by an extra X chromosome in a male?
• Melanoma metastasis commonly involves which combination of sites?
• The surface of the cerebrum contains numerous convolutions that form ridges called what?
• Which of the following is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus?
• Which statement best describes the primary role of pulmonary circulation?
• Cerebellar astrocytoma commonly causes ipsilateral signs such as head tilt, limb ataxia, and nystagmus. Which of the following best reflects a typical presenting sign?
• Which term describes hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle due to disease of the lungs or their blood vessels?
• Which gene segments are transcribed and translated into proteins?
• Functional Residual Capacity equals which two lung volumes added?
• Which brain region controls reflex activities such as heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting, and contains nuclei of cranial nerves IX through XII?
• Fasciculations are best defined as
• Acromegaly presents with which features?
• Spondylolysis is the
• Pinocytosis is best described as a form of endocytosis that involves the ingestion of
• Which gene encodes proteins that inhibit proliferation and participate in DNA repair?
• Expression of the disease in one family member but not a second.
• Which acid-base disorder is characterized by an increased pH caused by alveolar hyperventilation and decreased carbon dioxide (hypocapnia)?
• Which structure is involved in eye movement and attention, located in the midbrain?
• Bronchial circulation delivers blood to and from which structures?
• Which of the following is part of standard treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis?
• During which phase are centromeres separated and sister chromatids moved to opposite poles?
• Which description best defines dry gangrene?
• A hyponatremia arising from diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive fluid intake is best described as:
• Which growth pattern describes malignant tumor growth into surrounding tissues?
• Natriuretic hormones promote excretion of which substances to reduce circulating volume?
• Which molecule is the primary energy carrier in living cells, consisting of adenosine bonded to three phosphates?
• Damage to the cerebellum is characterized by which type of loss of equilibrium, balance, and motor coordination?
• Which hormone released by the hypothalamus in response to cold initiates heat production via a cascade?
• The fluid mosaic model accounts for the membrane's flexibility and self-sealing properties and explains its general function. It describes:
• Which area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior, short-term memory, elaboration of thought, and inhibition of emotion?
• Which cell type in the tumor microenvironment secretes cytokines and other factors that support cancer cell survival and proliferation?
• Which tissue consists of flat, thin cells specialized for absorption, exchange of materials, filtration, and secretion?
• Functional Residual Capacity is the volume remaining after normal expiration. Which option best represents this concept?
• Alpha fetoprotein originates from which tissues?
• What term describes a chemical species with an unpaired electron capable of injurious chemical bond formation with biomolecules?
• Hypotonic hyponatremia is defined by osmolality and urinary sodium as which?
• Which structure carries nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus in the diencephalon?
• What is the basic component of the plasma membrane?
• A hyponatremia caused by increased plasma osmolality from elevated lipids, proteins, or glucose is called:
• Which statement best describes metabolic alkalosis signs?
• The region between adjacent neurons where communication occurs is called a?
• Metabolic acidosis is characterized by which of the following?
• Which of the following conditions would NOT diminish the body's ability to generate heat?
• Which statement best explains osmolality's role relative to osmolarity in assessing osmotic activity?
• ATP hydrolysis provides energy for which of the following processes?
• Obstructive sleep apnea episodes typically last how long?
• Which hormone produced by the thyroid gland inhibits osteoclastic activity in bone?
• Neurofibromatosis results from the loss of which gene?
• Which gene is commonly labeled as p16 and linked to melanoma risk?
• Heterozygous refers to having
• What term describes branches from numerous neurons converging on and influencing one or a few neurons?
• Which statement about ethanol is most accurate?
• Which of the following features is commonly observed in diabetic ketoacidosis?
• Carcino- prefixes indicate tumors arising from which tissue type?
• In radiation biology, indirect damage to cellular components is primarily caused by what?
• Abnormal growth that results from uncontrolled proliferation is called a
• Breast cancer metastasizes to multiple sites. Which of the following is among those sites?
• Lymphedema is characterized by protein and fluid accumulation in the interstitial space due to blockage or removal of lymphatics.
• Low potassium resulting from shift into cells during alkalosis or insulin therapy, plus dietary deficiency and losses via laxatives, diarrhea, vomiting, and diuretics.
• In primary hyperparathyroidism, which of the following is true regarding PTH and serum calcium?
• Mating of two related individuals that dramatically increases the recurrence risk of recessive disorders is called what?
• What term denotes the loss of a sequence of DNA from a chromosome?
• Cavernous angiomas are composed of which vessels?
• Hypoparathyroidism is associated with increased phosphate in the blood. Which is the correct electrolyte abnormality?
• Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in what?
• Epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla is approximately how much more potent than norepinephrine?
• A hypertonic IV solution is administered. What effect will this have on cells?
• TNM staging: Which statement is true?
• Traits influenced by multiple genes, showing variation, are described as what?
• Epigenetic silencing in cancer typically involves which mechanisms?
• Which condition is defined by rapid and extreme rise in body temperature after anesthesia due to calcium handling abnormalities?
• Which heat-related condition is primarily characterized by faintness, dizziness, and heavy sweating due to prolonged exposure to heat and dehydration?
• What is the result of cellular reproduction?
• Which structure is primarily involved in gas exchange in the lungs?
• The midbrain is composed of which major parts: tectum, tegmentum, and basis pedunculi?
• If both chromosome copies (alleles) of a gene are inactivated, what is this phenomenon called?
• Decreased calcium due to inadequate intestinal absorption or reduced parathyroid hormone or vitamin D.
• Which law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of its components?
• A secondary endocrine disorder results from a problem with which gland?
• Which statement best describes thyroid storm?
• Heat transfer through gases or liquids (wind and fans) is called?
• Which pair correctly matches energy metabolism in normal and cancer cells?
• Which process involves the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell?
• Normal pH range
• The site of oxidative phosphorylation that generates ATP is the what?
• In TNM staging, a tumor measuring less than 2 cm is designated as which T category?
• Which necrosis type is characteristically associated with TB infection in the lungs?
• Mutation of a caretaker gene is linked to Burkitt lymphoma and alters control of which protein, leading to excessive B lymphocyte proliferation?
• What is the phenomenon where non-irradiated tissue shows genetic effects in nearby cells?
• Allele is defined as
• Which tumor marker is associated with both liver tumors and germ cell tumors?
• Which is given as a physiologic example of atrophy?
• Which stage describes cancer that has spread to regional structures including lymph nodes?
• Hypoglycemia unawareness risk factor.
• Cerebral infarction results from which primary event?
• Which structure synthesizes dopamine?
• Which condition is defined by elevated calcium in the blood due to hormonal or malignant causes such as hyperparathyroidism or bone metastases?
• What term refers to the proportion of blood made up by red blood cells?
• Dense, packed cell bodies in the CNS are called:
• Recessive traits are defined as those that are
• Beta human chorionic gonadotropin is associated with which tumors?
• Glucocorticoids promote gluconeogenesis in which organ?
• Which type of chemotherapy blocks normal growth pathways in cells?
• Stenosis is defined as
• Which molecule causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone secretion?
• Older adults have a what fever response to infections?
• Which division involves regulation of the body's internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems and can be further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic?
• Active transport occurs across membranes that have what feature?
• Polymorphic means
• Which tumor marker is associated with prostate tumors?
• Why can potassium diffuse easily into and out of cells?
• Which process describes transport of extracellular fluid into a cell via tiny vesicles formed by infolding of the membrane?
• The interchanging of material between non-homologous chromosomes is called
• Which symptom is commonly seen with new-onset Type I DM?
• Which infection is linked to the majority of anal cancers?
• Homozygous means
• Genetic effects arise in distant progeny and are referred to as what?
• Contraction of voluntary muscle usually as a result of vigorous exercise due to salt and water loss from sweating is called what?
• What is the primary role of the detoxification enzymes in defending against xenobiotics?
• Thrombotic stroke (cerebral thrombosis) is defined as
• Which autoantibody is involved in Graves disease that stimulates the TSH receptor?
• Which hypothalamic region uses GABA to inhibit arousal systems and promote sleep?
• Which term describes a chromosomal abnormality where an extra segment of a chromosome is present in the cells?
• Small single-strand RNA molecules that bind to mRNA molecules to block certain parts' expression are called what?
• Which TNM category corresponds to suspected metastases?
• What is a treatment for heat cramps?
• Which electrolyte disturbance is most directly linked to metabolic acidosis and high chloride levels?
• Which statement about pathologic hypertrophy is correct according to the material?
• Which structure consists of the lentiform nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and caudate nucleus?
• An increase in adipose tissue causes a lower level of which adipokine, normally inducing apoptosis, thus increasing cell proliferation?
• Which statement about phagocytosis is true?
• Which cancer treatment is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures?
• Which statement about Type 2 alveolar cells is true?
• Mature reproductive cells unite during fertilization to form a new organism. What are these cells called?
• Which structure, located in the epithalamus, secretes melatonin?
• N1 category corresponds to what type of lymph node involvement?
• Autosomal chromosomes are
• Abnormal elevation of body temperature is termed?
• Which cellular structure is made of protein and believed to be involved in transport of cellular products?
• Aerobic metabolism that includes a series of reactions in which acetyl CoA is oxidized into carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH.
• Which adipokine is associated with promoting inflammatory factors and TNF-α production?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with diabetes insipidus?
• Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs due to insensitivity of the kidney to ADH. Which statement best describes this?
• What term describes the tendency of branching axons to influence many different neurons?
• Which infection is listed first among the top infections related to cancer in the material?
• Which statement correctly identifies a diagnostic criterion for diabetes via a random glucose test with symptoms?
• Where is the apneustic center located?
• Which structure conducts somatic and autonomic reflexes, provides motor pattern control centers, and serves as a sensory and motor modulation center?
• Which condition is inflammation of a spinal nerve root?
• Which feature describes loss of cellular differentiation and irregularities in size and shape?
• Which HPV types are associated with the highest risk for cervical cancer?
• Type IA Diabetes Mellitus Pathogenesis Involves Destruction of Pancreatic Beta Cells by which mechanism?
• What diagnostic tests are used to confirm pheochromocytoma?
• Which process allows tumor cells to disseminate to distant sites, driven by cytokines and chemokines?
• Microvascular disease in diabetes mellitus is primarily due to damage to which vessels?
• Which nervous system component can be divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic and regulates involuntary body functions?
• Which two components comprise the basic pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with hypocalcemia?
• What is the effect of excitatory postsynaptic potentials on the plasma membrane potential?
• Which pressure is the major driving force for capillary filtration?
• What do we call a gene mutated to produce proteins that drive cellular proliferation?
• Mature reproductive cells that unite to form a new organism are called what?
• Which CNS cell is primarily involved in clearing debris through phagocytosis?
• Which tumor marker is associated with neuroblastoma?
• In hypoalbuminemia, what happens to total serum calcium?
• Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of which cells?
• The opening of sodium channels leads to which electrical change in the cell?
• A tear or rip in tissue with jagged edges.
• A collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space is called what?
• Prostate specific antigen is used as a tumor marker for tumors of which organ?
• Which outcome is associated with growth hormone deficiency?
• During telophase, the chromosomes begin to uncoil.
• Which metabolic pathway breaks down glucose to pyruvate and yields ATP?
• Cancer predisposing genetic events that occur in which cells are not inherited, while events in which cells are inherited?
• Which statement is most consistent with hypothyroidism?
• Neurons that relay impulses away from the synapse are called which?
• Which condition involves an elevated release of ADH relative to serum sodium, leading to increased water reabsorption by the kidneys?
• Which factor is primarily responsible for causing basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma?
• Which organelle is known for containing catalase and various oxidases?
• Which term describes loss of appetite, especially when prolonged?
• Neurofibromatosis is due to loss of which gene?
• What is the spindle fiber attachment site where the two chromatids are held together?
• Which hormone is primarily involved in regulating sodium balance?
• What percent of total body water is intracellular fluid?
• Which of the following infections among the top four is bacterial?
• What term describes the number of total airway closure episodes per night (episodes/hour)?
• How does magnesium affect potassium balance?
• All cells are capable of what process?
• The mucous layer is a component of which part of the respiratory system?
• What is the principal source of UV radiation?
• Passive transport is driven by which forces?
• Which electrolyte abnormality is associated with long-term alcohol use, respiratory alkalosis, and hyperparathyroidism?
• Cretinism results from which condition?
• Which term is used for the abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells in a premalignant condition?
• How long does it typically take for an HPV infection to progress to cancer?
• What are the two primary defense mechanisms that protect against xenobiotics that cause cell damage?
• Edema is defined as which of the following?
• The p16 gene is linked to which cancer type due to its mutation?
• Head and neck cancers metastasize to which route or site among the options?
• Which translocation results in altered control of the Myc protein and is characteristic of Burkitt lymphoma?
• Which adipokine decreases with increasing adiposity and can influence apoptosis and cell proliferation?
• Which enzyme is reactivated in cancer cells to enable unlimited replication?
• Fragile X syndrome is associated with mental retardation due to a fragile site on the X chromosome. Which option describes the clinical feature?
• What term describes carbohydrate attached to a lipid in the plasma membrane?
• Which mechanism can turn off gene expression by altering DNA methylation?
• Bundles of axons in large nerves are called:
• Malignant tumor of fat cells?
• Ovarian cancer metastasizes to which site among the following?
• Concentration of molecules per weight of water is known as the what?
• Which process increases renal Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion as part of the body's response to low blood volume?
• If a genotype does not always express the associated phenotype, this is described as
• Which gene is commonly associated with resistance to apoptosis in cancers?
• Which type of transport does not require cellular energy and occurs down a concentration gradient?
• Which fibrous mineral may be found in homes built prior to 1978 and can cause mesothelioma and lung cancer?
• Hyperthermia is defined as what kind of temperature change?
• Carbon monoxide bound with hemoglobin forms which compound?
• Which marker is produced by placental tissue and used as a marker for germ cell tumors?
• Which molecule modulates membrane fluidity and is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer?
• Retinoblastoma is caused by loss of which tumor suppressor gene?
• An intracranial tumor most commonly found in children and arising from the inner lining of the fourth ventricle and the spinal canal is called what?
• Inspiratory Capacity is defined as
• The posterior pituitary releases which hormones that are synthesized by the hypothalamus?
• Chronic cortisol excess increases the risk of which complication?
• Which process involves engulfing material into the cell by vesicle formation?
• The region where the axon exits the cell body is called the:
• Facilitated diffusion is best described as
• Which axon type transmits impulses at a faster rate?
• Spinal shock is characterized by what?
• Which neuron transmits impulses away from the CNS to an effector organ?
• Euvolemic Hypernatremia is characterized by which features?
• Which statement correctly defines a transgenerational effect?
• Hydroxyapatite serves what function in bone?
• PTLD occurs in which patient population?
• Which of the following is a potential outcome of malignant hyperthermia?
• Which are the major chemical components of all cell membranes?
• What is the skeletal muscle relaxant used to treat malignant hyperthermia by inhibiting calcium release?
• Antidiuretic hormone primarily regulates which physiological process?
• Which substance increases absorption of calcium in the small intestine?
• What term refers to clusters of neuronal cell bodies located outside the CNS?
• Which term best describes the collection of clinical manifestations commonly associated with cancer?
• Which mutation type causes a codon to change to code for a different amino acid?
• A cell with three copies of one chromosome is known as
• During repolarization, which occurs when the sodium channels close and potassium channels open?
• Liquid material of a cell enclosed within the plasma membrane.
• Embolic stroke is caused by
• A cancer cell that secretes growth factors that stimulate its own growth engages in what type of stimulation?
• The process involved in producing and releasing a substance from the cell is called?
• What does the term dominant refer to in genetics?
• The macroangiopathy of diabetes primarily affects which vessels?
• Which statement best describes the role of proteases in cancer invasion?
• An increase in the number of cells due to increased cell division is called.
• What term describes hormones secreted by adipose tissue that play a key role in energy balance and metabolism?
• Which type of mutation is a nucleotide substitution that changes one amino acid in the encoded protein?
• Which term names a malignant bone tumor?
• Which type of neuron transmits impulses between neurons and is involved in cognitive function?
• Which chemotactic factor is commonly expressed by tumors?
• Induction chemotherapy is used for which purpose?
• Which disease is tick-borne spirochete infection that can involve a rash and may progress to arthritis?
• What best differentiates neurogenic diabetes insipidus from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
• Which symptom is the most frequently reported by cancer patients?
• Which viruses are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma?
• Which of the following characterizes hypervolemic hypernatremia?
• Which term best describes fever-producing mediators such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor?
• Which ion is particularly concentrated inside the cell by active pumps?
• Loss of this tumor suppressor gene causes Wilms tumor (childhood kidney cancer)?
• What is the midline structure connecting the anterior and posterior lobes of the two cerebellar hemispheres?
• Basal cell carcinoma most commonly presents in which region?
• Fever temperature range in Fahrenheit is which of the following?
• Which neuroglial cell lines the CSF-filled cavities in the CNS?
• Nuclear division during which two identical nuclei are produced after chromosomal replication is called what?
• Inspiratory reserve volume is defined as:
• Carcinoembryonic antigen originates from tumors of which tissues?
• Concentration of molecules per volume of solution is known as the what?
• Which response is a heat loss mechanism?
• A tumor composed of immature cells is called which type of tumor?
• Which gene segments are translated into proteins?
• Which cancer treatment produces slow changes in most cancers and irreversible changes in normal tissues as well?
• Which description refers to dilated capillaries with interspersed brain tissue deep in the brain?
• Which factor is essential to maximize the effectiveness of radiation therapy?
• Trisomy in only some cells of an organism is called what?
• Gene where resistance to apoptosis occurs?
• What is the process called addition of a methyl group that suppresses gene activity and expression?
• Which combination best describes the characteristics of cancer cells?